[Medical education and well-being: orientations towards the implementation of a positive teaching]. / Educación médica y bienestar: orientaciones para el desarrollo de una educación médica positiva.

The transition to and through college can affect the mental health of college students. The situation in medical students is particularly worrisome, considering that they have high rates of psychopathology. These mental health problems can be associated with worse academic and professional outcomes and worse patient care. In this scenario, it is relevant to look at how this problem can be addressed considering variables of both mental health and educational systems in medicine. Therefore, initiatives to promote well-being during the career are proposed. The importance of well-being at an institutional level should be defined. Also, the foundations of learning neurosciences from the point of view of well-being should be incorporated. Considering that well-being goes beyond the absence of discomfort, the role of educational environment both in learning and in mental health should be recognized. Proven effective interventions should be incorporated. It must be considered that not every initiative linked to well-being is necessarily positive and that discomfort to a certain extent can be exploited educatively as well. The well-being of medical students is a complex, dynamic and multidimensional issue. These principles are orientations for different actors of the educational process, to define how they will approach this problem in their contexts.

Differentiation of the motor cost associated with cognitive tasks in Parkinson's disease: A dual-task study.

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative condition associated with motor and cognitive impairments. While the execution of dual cognitive-motor tasks imposes a cost on gait velocity, it has been barely determined if the gait deterioration depends on the specific cognitive domain involved in the dual-task. Twenty-four subjects (12 patients with Parkinson's disease and 12 healthy subjects) carried out a single task (gait alone) and several dual tasks where the concurrent second task was the Trail Making Test (Part A) and the six tasks of the Frontal Assessment Battery. Gait variables were measured by accelerometry via smartphone. Data analysis included analysis of variance (ANOVA) and exploratory factorial analysis. Both groups showed a similar gait performance, except for velocity, where patients exhibited a bradykinetic profile. The dual-task during the Trail Making Test showed the highest motor cost. Frontal Assessment Battery's tasks as conceptualization, mental flexibility and motor programming showed a higher motor cost than the other tasks (sensibility to interference, inhibitory control and environmental autonomy). The factorial analysis applied to the motor costs confirmed two profiles, grouping those related to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (mental flexibility and motor programming tasks) in an independent factor. Among cognitive functions, attention is critical for gait control in Parkinson's disease and healthy elderly people. The interference posed by several executive operations suggests a specific competition in prefrontal regions that support dual tasks. Moreover, the higher cost for patients with Parkinson's disease patients emphasizes the cognitive decline and compensatory cognitive strategy for gait control related to attention and executive functions.

Comparison of Glycemic Variability and Hypoglycemic Events in Hospitalized Older Adults Treated with Basal Insulin plus Vildagliptin and Basal-Bolus Insulin Regimen: A Prospective Randomized Study.

Background: The basal−bolus insulin regimen is recommended in hospitalized patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), but has an increased risk of hypoglycemia. We aimed to compare dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP4-i) and basal−bolus insulin glycemic outcomes in hospitalized type 2 DM patients. Methods and patients: Our prospective randomized study included 102 elderly T2DM patients (82 ± 9 years, HbA1c 6.6% ± 1.9). Glycemic control: A variability coefficient assessed by continuous glucose monitoring (Free Style® sensor), mean insulin dose and hypoglycemia rates obtained with the two treatments were analyzed. Results: No differences were found between groups in glycemic control (mean daily glycemia during the first 10 days: 152.6 ± 38.5 vs. 154.2 ± 26.3 mg/dL; p = 0.8). The total doses Kg/day were 0.40 vs. 0.20, respectively (p < 0.001). A lower number of hypoglycemic events (9% vs. 15%; p < 0.04) and lower glycemic coefficient of variation (22% vs. 28%; p < 0.0002) were observed in the basal−DPP4-i compared to the basal−bolus regimen group. Conclusions: Treatment of inpatient hyperglycemia with basal insulin plus DPP4-i is an effective and safe regimen in old subjects with T2DM, with a similar mean daily glucose concentration, but lower glycemic variability and fewer hypoglycemic episodes compared to the basal bolus insulin regimen.

Educación médica y bienestar: orientaciones para el desarrollo de una educación médica positiva / Medical education and well-being: orientations towards the implementation of a positive teaching

The transition to and through college can affect the mental health of college students. The situation in medical students is particularly worrisome, considering that they have high rates of psychopathology. These mental health problems can be associated with worse academic and professional outcomes and worse patient care. In this scenario, it is relevant to look at how this problem can be addressed considering variables of both mental health and educational systems in medicine. Therefore, initiatives to promote well-being during the career are proposed. The importance of well-being at an institutional level should be defined. Also, the foundations of learning neurosciences from the point of view of well-being should be incorporated. Considering that well-being goes beyond the absence of discomfort, the role of educational environment both in learning and in mental health should be recognized. Proven effective interventions should be incorporated. It must be considered that not every initiative linked to well-being is necessarily positive and that discomfort to a certain extent can be exploited educatively as well. The well-being of medical students is a complex, dynamic and multidimensional issue. These principles are orientations for different actors of the educational process, to define how they will approach this problem in their contexts.

Suicidabilidad y apoyo social percibido en estudiantes universitarios con enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles / Suicidality and perceived social support in university students with chronic non-communicable diseases

Resumen El objetivo fue identificar las asociaciones entre apoyo social percibido, riesgo suicida y presencia de enfermedad crónica no transmisible en estudiantes universitarios. Utilizando un diseño de casos y controles, con 41 estudiantes universitarios por grupo. La mediana de edad fue de 22 años (R = 9), un 81,8% eran mujeres, el 26,8% de los sujetos tenía Asma y el 26,8% Hipotiroidismo, y el 63,6% pertenecía a la Facultad de Educación. No se comprobó la asociación entre enfermedad crónica, apoyo social, ni tampoco con riesgo suicida. Hay asociación indirecta entre riesgo suicida y apoyo social, no así cuando se evalúa el intento de suicidio previo. El nivel de riesgo suicida y apoyo social se asocian independiente de la presencia de enfermedad crónica. Esperamos que nuestros resultados permitan fomentar el apoyo social como una herramienta fundamental para la prevención de la suicidabilidad, especialmente en sujetos con enfermedad crónica.

Abstract The objective was to identify associations between perceived social support, suicidal risk and the presence of chronic or communicable disease in university students. Using a case-control design, consisting of 41 subjects in each group. The median age was 22 years (R = 9), 81,8% were women, 26,8% of the subjects had asthma and 26,8% had hypothyroidism, 63,6% were students of the faculties of Education. The association between chronic disease and social support was not proven, nor was there a suicidal risk. There is an indirect association between suicide risk and social support, not so when assessing the previous suicide attempt. The levels of suicide risk and social support are associated, independent of an existing chronic disease. We are hopeful that our results will be effective in promoting social support as a basic tool for suicide prevention, especially in subjects with chronic disease.

Towards a nanospecific approach for risk assessment.

In the current paper, a new strategy for risk assessment of nanomaterials is described, which builds upon previous project outcomes and is developed within the FP7 NANoREG project. NANoREG has the aim to develop, for the long term, new testing strategies adapted to a high number of nanomaterials where many factors can affect their environmental and health impact. In the proposed risk assessment strategy, approaches for (Quantitative) Structure Activity Relationships ((Q)SARs), grouping and read-across are integrated and expanded to guide the user how to prioritise those nanomaterial applications that may lead to high risks for human health. Furthermore, those aspects of exposure, kinetics and hazard assessment that are most likely to be influenced by the nanospecific properties of the material under assessment are identified. These aspects are summarised in six elements, which play a key role in the strategy: exposure potential, dissolution, nanomaterial transformation, accumulation, genotoxicity and immunotoxicity. With the current approach it is possible to identify those situations where the use of nanospecific grouping, read-across and (Q)SAR tools is likely to become feasible in the future, and to point towards the generation of the type of data that is needed for scientific justification, which may lead to regulatory acceptance of nanospecific applications of these tools.

Phenol and nitrophenols in the air and dew waters of Santiago de Chile.

Phenol, nitrophenols and dinitrophenols were measured in air and dews in downtown Santiago de Chile. In both systems, phenol, 2-nitrophenol (2-NP), and 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) were the compounds found in higher concentrations and with major frequency. Temporal profiles in air were compatible with a significant direct incorporation from mobile sources. The data can be explained in terms of a faster removal of 2-NP than 4-NP, with the former predominating in fresh air masses and 4-NP in more aged samples. All these compounds, as well as dinitrophenols, were found in dew waters. Simultaneous measurements in air and dew indicate that phenol present in dew exceeds that expected in equilibrated samples, while the opposite occurs with 4-NP. This last result is associated to mass transfer limitations for the highly water soluble nitroderivative.

Agendamento Consciencioterápico: Proposta de Caracterização de Voluntariado Técnico naConsciencioterapia / Conscientiotherapeutic Scheduling: Proposal for Characterizing Technical Volunteering in Conscientiotherapy / Agendamiento Conciencioterápico: Propuesta de Caracterización de VoluntariadoTécnico en la Conciencioterapia

O presente trabalho objetiva apresentar a função do voluntariado técnicona área de agendamento consciencioterápico na Organização Internacional deConsciencioterapia. São explicitadas as seguintes condições inerentes aoagendador consciencioterápico: a autoconsciencioterapia constante, o perfilconsciencial otimizador, as frentes de atuação dessa área, o exercício dainterassistencialidade e o desenvolvimento técnico do agendamento consciencioterápico,visando possibilitar a proposição dessa função assistencial comoespecialidade da Consciencioterapia(AU)

This paper aims to present the role of technical volunteering in the area ofconscientiotherapeutic scheduling at the International Organization ofConscientiotherapy. The study explains the following conditions inherent tothe conscientiotherapeutic scheduler: constant self-conscientiotherapy,optimizer consciential profile, lines of action in this area, interassistance exercise,and technical development of conscientiotherapeutic scheduling, aiming to enablethe proposition of this assistantial technical volunteering as a subdiscipline ofconscientiotherapy(AU)

El presente trabajo objetiva presentar la función del voluntariado técnicoen el área de agendamiento conciencioterápico en la Organización Internacionalde Conciencioterapia. Son explicitadas las siguientes condiciones inherentes alagendador conciencioterápico: la autoconciencioterapia constante, el perfilconciencial optimizador, las frentes de actuación de esta área, el ejercicio de lainterasistencialidad y el desarrollo técnico del agendamiento conciencioterápico,visando posibilitar la proposición de esta función asistencial como especialidadde la Conciencioterapia(AU)

Elaboración de una Propuesta de Regulación Armonizada para los Productos Farmacéuticos Homeopáticos, en Chile / Preparation of a Harmonized Regulation Proposal for Homeopathic Pharmaceutical Products, in Chile

Hoy en Chile, existe un vacío legal frente a la reglamentación de los medicamentos homeopáticos, constituyendo una legislación deficiente, en comparación a los países desarrollados y también con algunos de nuestros vecinos, en especial Brasil y Colombia que nos llevan la delantera en el tema. Esta deficiencia se explica en virtud de dos razones principales: por una parte, existe un pequeño mercado farmacéutico homeopático y por otra, las escasas escuelas de homeopatía existentes en el país. Se refleja en el último tiempo, un incremento en el uso de algún método de homeoterapia por la población y en consecuencia; un mayor aumento en el uso de los medicamentos homeopáticos, lo que ha motivado una mayor preocupación por regular este tipo de medicamento. La mayoría de los medicamentos homeopáticos en el mundo se encuentran actualmente regulados a través de normas, que se han elaborado teniendo en cuenta las características de la homeopatía en función de tener reglas claras y precisas que permitan a la autoridad sanitaria controlar: la elaboración, importación, distribución, comercialización, dispensación y la prescripción de estos preparados, con el fin de otorgar a la población un medicamento de calidad, seguridad y eficacia. Por lo anteriormente expuesto, el objetivo de este trabajo es realizar una revisión exhaustiva de la normativa actual de Chile y de derecho comparado, y se plantea la creación de una propuesta de reglamentación acorde a los requerimientos del mercado actual.

Los jóvenes en la Argentina: ¿Cómo son? ¿Qué quieren? ¿Qué necesitan? / The Young People of Argentina: How are they? What do they want? What do they need?

Este artigo de investigação baseia-se no estudo de fatos objetivos registrados em jornais e revistas através da técnica do cosmograma. Apresenta uma análise das consequências que a crise sócio-econômica trouxe para os jovens e seu meio familiar entre 2001 e 2003. O propósito deste trabalho é observar sob um novo ponto de vista a juventude argentina atual, trazendo novidades para a melhor compreensão da problemática do caso e propondo uma solução viável a partir da conscienciologia (AU)